Overview
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects brain development. It leads to difficulties in social communication and interaction, restricted/repetitive behaviors and interests, and sensory sensitivities. The term "spectrum" reflects a wide range; severity varies from mild to severe.
One in every 36 children is diagnosed with ASD worldwide. It is estimated that 500,000-1 million people in our country are affected. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical for the child's quality of life.
Symptoms
Symptoms vary by age and severity. Usually noticed at age 2-3.
Difficulties in social communication:
- Lack of eye contact
- Not responding to name
- Not making facial expressions
- Not playing with peers
- Speech delay or absence
- Difficulty with reciprocal conversation
- Lack of empathy
Restricted and repetitive behaviors:
- Repetitive movements (rocking, hand flapping)
- Strict routine adherence
- Intense interest in specific objects or topics
- Lining up, ordering items
- Extremely selective eating habits
Sensory sensitivities:
- Over-sensitivity to sound, light, touch, taste
Early signs:
- Not responding to name (12 months)
- Not pointing (14 months)
- No single word (16 months)
- No 2-word meaningful sentence (24 months)
Causes
The exact cause is unknown. A combination of genetic and environmental factors is thought to play a role. Vaccines do not cause autism.
Risk Factors
- Being male (4 times more common)
- Family history
- Advanced parental age
- Preterm birth
- Some genetic conditions (Down, fragile X)
Co-occurring Conditions
- ADHD
- Anxiety, depression
- Epilepsy
- Sleep disorders
- Eating problems
When to See a Doctor
Developmental screenings are recommended at 18 and 24 months. If you are concerned about your child's development, see a pediatrician.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis: Multidisciplinary team evaluation (child psychiatrist, child neurologist, psychologist), M-CHAT-R/F screening, ADOS-2 test.
Treatment: There is no cure; however, early intervention is very effective:
- Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
- Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention
- Speech and language therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Social skills training
- Family education and support
Medications: Used for co-occurring conditions (risperidone, methylphenidate, melatonin).
Recommendations for Families
- Start early intervention as soon as possible
- Join family support groups
- Learn your disability rights
- Focus on your child's strengths
- Take care of yourself too